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Dedicated to all those who are interested in world folklore, culture and nature. Comments and constructive criticisms are welcome!

Thursday, May 21, 2015

C is for Cendrawasih/ PHOENIX SONG

Illustration by Martina Peluso. Pre-order the book from: www.lantanapublishing.com 

Many don't know that there are two separate legends of the Phoenix. The first is the Fire bird from Central Asia, Russia and the Near East. The Phoenix is the emblem of ancient Lebanon which used to be called Phoenicia. Its people were the Phoenicians, the people of the Phoenix. This is the bird which builds itself a nest of cinnamon twigs and then burst into flames, singing its most beautiful song as it dies, only to be reborn again from its own ashes.The Phoenix represents the element of fire and symbolises immortality


The Fire Bird  of  the Near East (royalty free image)

Then there is the Chinese Phoenix or Feng Huang. This bird is associated with Spring and the renewal of life. It's arrival is heralded by fine misty rain and barren land suddenly bursting into life and withered plants blooming into flowers. The Chinese Phoenix is also known as the Vermilion Bird of the South and is one of the Celestial Guardians. This legendary bird is also the emblem of the Empress of China.

The Chinese Phoenix (royalty free image)

According to Chinese or rather Taoist traditions, there are four Celestial Guardians of the four cardinal points or meridians: the Azure Dragon of the East (representing the element of wind), the Vermilion Bird of the South (representing the element of fire!), the White Tiger of the West (representing the element of water) and finally, the Black Tortoise of the North (representing the element of Earth). The Black Tortoise is sometimes represented as the Tortoise-Snake, a strange chimera of tortoise tied to a snake.

The four legendary guardians of the four meridians. Illustrations from finiens deviantart.com

I wanted to find out if there is an equivalent to the Chinese Phoenix in Malay folklore. I believe this is the Cendrawasih ( pronounced Chendrawasih.) There is some confusion over the the identity of the Cendrawasih, because it now refers to a group of birds known as Birds of  Paradise i.e. birds which are very real. In fact, this has led some people into believing that the real Birds of Paradise carry a magical blue gem in their body! One only hopes that the mixed identity does not lead to the decimation of these beautiful birds...

Anyway, this Facebook thread gives an idea of the opinions out there:

A question for the culture experts out there: What is the Malay name for the Phoenix? Jentayu, Rajawali or Cenderawasih? According to most blogs it's Jentayu but that seems quite unlikely to me. Jentayu is a robust, vulture like bird. I think it's Cenderwasih - mainly because of batik prints of the bird!
 — feeling conflicted.
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Monday, May 11, 2015

The Golden Seal


THE GOLDEN SEAL
A short story by Golda Mowe.
Seal at Kepy Cape Town Scuba Diving School by Tim Sheerm (from Wikimedia)


Timon drifted between sleep and waking as he clung onto the floating crate. He couldn’t tell how long he had been adrift but he now felt so numb he could not even feel his legs. Maybe he should just let go and stop fighting the inevitable, he thought, but each time he attempted to do so, a primal fear would set in and make him cling harder to the crate.
He was glad he went out alone on the boat. Then again, if he had not quarrelled with his wife Marie, he would not be out at sea during stormy weather. He chuckled and coughed at the same time as he thought about how a silly argument over the placement of a single cushion on a newly bought sofa could lead up to a shipwreck at sea. Too late he realized that Marie was perfectly beautiful because she was a perfectionist. She admitted during their last argument that she married him because she thought he was the perfect project to work on. He was a handsome man who had bad hair and bad taste in clothes. He needed a woman’s touch, she thought.
A seal poked her head out of the water and stared at him. Timon smiled and reached out a hand to try to touch her. The seal re-submerged. Timon put his hand down and lay his cheek on the wet crate. He started to drift off to sleep once more. He woke up with a start when he felt something hit his head. It was a freshly killed sardine. Without giving it a second thought, he grabbed the fish with one hand and started biting into it. The ironic taste of blood filled his mouth. The more he bit, the hungrier he became for the sardine. He even crushed the head between his teeth and chewed on it like it was fruit.
The same seal poked her head out of water again to watch him. Timon’s gaze met hers and he said, “Thank you.” His voice sounded strange to him because it sounded like a cross between a squeal and a cough.
“You are welcome,” she said.
Timon almost released the crate with shock. “You can speak,” he said with wonder.
“Of course I can,” she said. “So can you.”
Timon chuckled. Again the sound that came out of him sounded alien, or rather sounded like a sound he had never thought he would be capable of making. It must be because he had not had any water to drink for a while, he reasoned.
The seal said, “Come swim with me.”
“I can’t. I will drown.”
“Don’t worry. I will take care of you.”
At that point Timon realised that he could be hallucinating. But if he was, he decided, it was a really good one. So he let go of the crate and moved towards the seal. He felt himself gliding through the water. The seal turned and swam away, and Timon chased after her. His clothes began to peel off him as they dove deeper and deeper. Then they went up and up until they broke through the water surface to gulp in air. After a while, Timon realised that he could hold his breath for long stretches of time without any problem. And more amazingly he could keep up with the seal. They crashed into a school of sardines.
Timon turned this way and that, reaching out with his flippers to try to catch one, but he could not grab hold of a single one. The female seal gave him a fish she caught and he reached out with his mouth. Then they dashed into the school again. This time Timon used his mouth to catch them, the way he saw she did.
After they both had their fill of fish, the seal swam ahead. Soon Timon found himself at the cliff edge. He was ecstatic. He was finally back on land. He tried to walk, but felt the sharp edges of the rock scrapping against his belly. He looked down, and saw fins where his hands should be. Then he looked behind him and saw a flipper in place of his legs. Timon’s breath caught in his throat as the horror of his new form finally registered in his mind.
“Look, Mommy,” a little girl called out and pointed from the cliff edge. “A golden seal.”
Timon tried to call for help, but the only thing that came out of his mouth was the seal call. He looked up with despair as people got out their cameras or phones to take pictures of him.
The female seal said, “Don’t do that. They will think that you like the attention.”
“What have you done to me?” Timon asked vehemently.
“You ate the fish I gave you. So you are now my husband.”
“But why?”
“You seemed interesting,” she said. “I wanted something different from all the other males.”
“Oww!” Timon yelled. Then he turned with a roar at the male seal that bit him. “What are you doing?” he demanded.
The other seal only glared at him then turned away. The female explained, “He just wants to show you what he can do to you if you ever try to approach any of his females.”
“I don’t want to.”
“It doesn’t matter. You are a male. Males don’t like males.”
Timon was livid. “Why did you change me? Why can’t you just be with the other males?”
The female settled her chin on the rock and closed her eyes. Then she said, “Because I don’t like any of the other males. They are arrogant and promiscuous. I would rather have a male that stays with me all the time instead of one that roves about the other females.”
“Well I can do that too,” Timon said then added a little more sheepishly, “Rove about, I mean.”
“Of course you can,” she said, “but you will not last a day. The males will tear you to pieces. If you are lucky, a marine biologist might save you. Then he will put you in a cage where you will be cold and fed dead fish with stale tasting blood.”
A new kind of fear entered Timon’s mind. A kind of fear that he had never considered before in his life. He lay down next to the female, and she snuggled up to him. He watched the surf crashed into the side of the rock and he felt the spray rain back down on him. He thought it strange that he did not feel cold. Then he realised that this was the life he had always wanted to live. Lazing about on the beach, and swimming whenever he felt like it. Maybe he should give it a try after all. But he must remember to stay out of the way of the other males.

Bio - Golda Mowe hails from Sibu, Sarawak, a Malaysian state located on the island of Borneo. She is an Iban, a tribe native to Sarawak, and a graduate of the prestigious Waseda University of Japan. Golda is a published author with two books to her credit - Iban Dreams (a folklore based fantasy fiction) and The Nanobots and Other Stories (a collection of sci-fi short stories for tweens.)

 You can read more of her stories at the following link: http://www.gmowe.ws/Golden_Seal.html#.VU1rMastnqk.facebook

Tuesday, April 14, 2015

TRUANCY - Issue 1

Truancyweb

http://www.delinquentspice.com/?p=246

Table of Contents
Editorial by Nin Harris
I Growled” by Joyce Chng
Cold Eyes” by Shada Bokir*
The Devouring Night” by Mary Anne Mohanraj
The Piscine Gifts” by Stace Dumoski**
It is Important to be Polite”: The Subtle Artistry of Karen Nunis
The Pala Tree and the Sundal Tree” by Tutu Dutta
Cover Illustration: “Sedna” by Kirsty Greenwood
*Trigger Warning: This is a story about Mental Illness.
**Trigger Warning: Some body-shaming language is used in this fable.





Thursday, April 2, 2015

B is for Bamboo Flute / PHOENIX SONG


Pre-order from www.lantanapublishing.com


The theme behind the story:

Phoenix Song is set in an imaginary town in Malaysia called Sighing Bamboo Hill; named after a mysterious hill which is believed to be haunted because of the sound of rustling bamboo leaves wafting from the hill. Although the setting is fictitious, not very long ago there were many villages and towns in Malaysia, with similar stories of haunted hills, rivers and lakes; wild places which were the domain of spirits, faeries or demons…

Magical elements play an important role in Phoenix Song, but the main theme is the importance of family as seen through the eyes of the main character, an eight-year old boy called Arohan. His mixed ethnicity - part Indian and part Chinese - reflects the cultural diversity of Malaysia; a country with at least a dozen ethnic groups. He also has a grandmother who is a Nyonya – a small community of Straits-born Chinese whose ancestors came to Malaysia in the Treasure Ships of the great Ming Dynasty explorer, Admiral Zheng He. The Nyonyas practice a culture which is a fusion of Malay and Chinese traditions.

Pheonix Song draws upon two separate folktales:

The first one is the Malay folktale of Buluh Perindu (literally yearning or sighing bamboo). The bamboo grove represents nature in the story. In traditional Malay culture, nature was so revered that a child is taught to ask for permission before even plucking a single flower. In the original story, three brothers were given the task of bringing back a bamboo cutting from a hill which was haunted or cursed. The two elder brothers ignored the advice of an old man they met on the way, and were turned to stone. The story was a fragment and also referred to the old belief not to respond or look back when one hears one's name being called in wild and lonely places... The youngest brother, who showed respect for the old man and followed his counsel, managed to obtain a piece of the magical buluh perindu. He fashioned a flute out of the bamboo and succeeded in reversing the curse on his brothers, just by playing the flute.




The story also draws upon the Chinese legend of the scholarly woodsman who was such a supernaturally gifted musician, he could tame wild animals and even summon the phoenix whenever he played the xiao (a Chinese bamboo flute). The phoenix in our story is Cendrawasih or Fenghuang, a symbol of Spring, longevity and the renewal of life.

I came across the story of Buluh Perindu some years ago but felt that there was something missing. Although the bamboo flute produced beautiful music, there were no other stories about its power to break curses; apart from Mozart’s The Magic Flute :)

I later came across the Chinese folktale of the wild musician and the two stories seemed to fit. If any magical creature could break a curse, it would be the phoenix. In addition, there were other East Asian folktales linking the music of the bamboo flute to the phoenix. In one, a phoenix appears to advise a pining Persian king to make a bamboo flute in order to win the heart of a Chinese princess…

When Alice Curry from Lantana Publishing (UK) contacted me about the possibility of writing a story for a children’s picture book, I immediately thought of Buluh Perindu. The story lent itself easily to a contemporary setting, with younger characters and the focus shifting to family and sibling rivalry. To make the story even more immediate, the narrative is told in a series of dialogues, between Arohan and his extended family and sometimes with himself :) The book also serves to remind us of  the deep reverence (and fear) for nature, we once had...

Wednesday, April 1, 2015

A is for Arohan/ PHOENIX SONG




Pre-order from www.lantanapublishing.com
The story behind the book:

When Alice Curry, the Founder/Director of Lantana Publishing (UK), contacted me by email on 12 November 2014 about the possibility of writing a children's picture book, I didn't quite believe her. I mean it was too much of a good thing - whoever heard of a publisher actually asking you to write a book for them?  It's usually an endless round of submissions... 

I asked her how she found out about me and she said that it was through my blogpost on The Jugra Chronicles
http://tutudutta.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-jugra-chronicles-rigih-and-witch-of.html . 
Wow! So all those stories were true - you can get a book contract from a blog!!!

I googled Alice Curry and found out that she was with the Commonwealth Children's Book Trust, among other things. The brief was a contemporary story for a children's picture book in 500 - 1,500 words, drawing on traditional Asian folklore. 

A week or two of research, followed by a proposal and finally a draft manuscript, entitled The Singing Bamboo Flute, and the contract was eventually signed - all by email. 

But it wasn't all that easy. The original manuscript had 2,000 words - far too long. I went through every sentence, deleting as many words as I could until the mss was down to 1,500 words. If you think this is easy I dare you to take out 500 words from a 2,000 words story - without changing the story line. But even at 1,500 words, the mss was still too long. So I had to remove a chunk of the story. The sub-plot which had to be removed, was about the Penunggu - the Guardian of the Bamboo Grove. The story was now down to about 1,000 words and the title was changed to Phoenix Song.

I named the main protagonist, Arohan; an 8-year-old Malaysian boy of mixed parentage. I had no idea why, it just seemed like the right name for him. Apparently, Deepika Mukherjee's (a Facebook friend) son is also called Arohan. The real surprise behind this name later.


Original cover of Phoenix Song
Once the manuscript was finalised, illustrator Martina Peluso came on board. Her illustration style uses bold simple lines and figures tend to be smooth and rounded. Martina's paintings remind me of modern art and sculpture with their almost 3-D effect. 

I wasn't expecting any more changes to the text at this stage, but I was wrong. When the sketches came, some pages were crammed with text and others were empty! How could this be? As Alice Curry explained, sometimes the illustrator can take the story in an entirely different direction... so more text had to be deleted in certain parts and entirely new text written for other parts. I didn't really mind because I knew in a picture book, (ideally) 50% of the story is told through the text and 50% through the illustrations. The colour palette for Phoenix Song is vibrant and jewel like, and really suits the tropical Malaysian setting. 

Since someone asked me this question about the book, I think I should explain : in a picture book, royalty is split 50 - 50 between the author and the illustrator. The other point is that, the publisher chooses the illustrator, the author doesn't really have a say. In fact, I never communicated directly with Martina; I always went through the publisher (for fear of riling anyone up ;) )

But the real surprise about Arohan, came from Facebook friend, Nadine Gregory. According to Nadine, the name Arohan or Aarohan actually refers to the ascending scale of a raga (Indian classical music scale), while Avarohan refers to the descending scale! I was genuinely surprised. It's possible that I may have come across this term while researching on the Internet but forgot about it completely.

The synopsis:

Arohan is desperate for a guitar. What eight year old boy isn’t? So when Arohan’s grandmother gives him a plain old bamboo flute for his birthday, he is understandably a little upset. But the xiao is no ordinary flute. An instrument steeped in the myths and legends of China, the xiao has its own special magic, as Arohan is soon to discover. When his brothers go missing on the slopes of the hill behind their home in Malaysia, Arohan embarks on a fantastic journey to ensure that they return safe and sound. But does he have what it takes to placate the guardian of the bamboo grove and summon the mythical phoenix? A touching and courageous story of a young boy’s love for his family and the magical things that can happen when you listen to your heart.

Monday, January 19, 2015

The Pala Tree and the Sundal Tree

In a previous post, 'Cracking the Sundal Tree Code,' published on 8/5/2013, I stated that the Sundal Harum Malam from Malay folklore was without doubt the Chempaka tree - Michelia champaca or Magnolia champaca. The Sundal Tree achieved notoriety by being associated with the pontianak; a female vampire (the pontianak is always female) who seeks shelter among its branches.

Apparently, I spoke (or wrote) too soon. A Facebook friend, Nadine Gregory, originally from the state of Kerala in India (she also lived in Kuala Lumpur for a number of years), informed me about a tree which grew in Kerala called the Pala tree. This tree bore night blooming flowers and had the reputation for being the abode of evil spirits and children were warned to stay away from the tree at night.

Alstonia scholaris, The Pala Tree
I thought, "Interesting, but the Pala is probably endemic to southern India."

I looked it up on Wikipedia and found out that the Pala, is also known as Ezhilam pala, Sharada, Yakshi pala, Daiva pala, Saptha parna in Sanskrit, and of all things, Devil tree in English!

More importantly, the plant is found throughout India and the Indomalaya region - all the way to Southern China (Hoa Sua), the Philippines and Queensland, Australia. In Thailand it is known as Phya Sattabahn. The scientific name is Alstonia scholaris. A member of the dogbane family, the milky sap of the tree is saturated with poisonous alkaloids.

The tree grows to a respectable 20 to 30 metres in height and bears masses of night blooming flowers, twice a year. The small greenish-white flowers give off a very strong fragrance, similar to that of Cestrum nocturnum, the Night Jessamine or Raat Ki Rani, which was my initial suspect for the title of The Sundal Tree. I had to discard this idea because C. nocturnum originates from South America.

According to Nadine, the fragrance of the Pala blooms is strong enough to produce headaches in susceptible people. Nadine Gregory's story: "Ezhilam paala. A seemingly innocuous tree with such a heady fragrance when in bloom at night that it invariably gave me a headache. It never helped that I'd heard hundreds of stories about beautiful long haired women in white who'd lurk under these trees asking young men for a match to light a beedi. Yes, you read it right. Beedi smoking femme fatale who'd morph into a vampire and suck young men's blood = yakshi. Women were always safe. Thank you, Malayalam movies for scarring me so deeply..." 
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I thought, 'This is it!' The local name of the tree itself, Yakshi pala, conjures up images of a blood thirsty seductress! In southern India, the yakshi is envisaged as an alluringly beautiful young woman who lure men to their death.

Blooms of  Pala/Sundal tree?
The traditional version of the story:
A man (usually from the upper castes) walking home at dusk, sees an extraordinarily beautiful woman who asks him for help. To add to her allure, the heady scent of a strange exotic flower fills the air around her. She is alone and afraid to walk home by herself. The man gallantly offers to escort her home. When they reach her house, which looks quite well appointed, the woman offers him a betel quid and asks for lime. They chew a betel quid each and enter her home. Once inside, the man is shocked to see her transform into a red-eyed fiend with claws and long nails. Even more terrifying, the house has disappeared and he is actually on the branches of a Pala tree (in some cases, palm tree, but I dismiss that idea offhand). In the morning, passersby are shocked to find teeth, nails and hair, all that is left of the man, on the ground below the tree, plus shoes and blood soaked clothes, of course.
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Does the story sound familiar? Exactly like the pontianak tales known throughout Malaysia a, Singapore and probably Indonesia too - just replace the yakshi with the pontianak and the Pala with the Sundal Tree. The yakshi from Kerala is a vengeful spirit of a woman who has been wronged, probably by an upper caste man, and who probably died before marriage or before childbirth. The pontianak is the vengeful spirit of a woman who died during childbirth. In more modern times, she is the vengeful spirit of a woman who has been through a tragic love affair. However, the pontianak, being a vampire, only drains the blood of men (in olden times, they feast on the afterbirth) while the yakshi actually devours them whole... Only one creature in folklore has an appetite like that, the wendingo of Native American folklore.

A Yakshi on the gateway to the Sanchi Stupa


However, we should note that in northern India, yakshi and yaksha (the male counterpart) are envisaged as nature sprites or tree spirits, closer to forest elves and dryads than to malevolent bloodthirsty vampires. They are fertility symbols and described as the 'fragrance under the bark or in the blossoms of flowers,' and completely vegetarian of course. Yakshas and Yakshis can even confer boons and blessings on the humans they favour...

Another Yakshi from Sanchi, this one is housed in the British Museum

So why is there such a discrepancy in the yakshi of the south and the north? Another Facebook friend, Jeeks Raj, mentioned the pisacha (literally 'eater of raw flesh'); a demon sometimes associated with night-blooming trees. This creature of the night is described as the vilest and most malignant order of malevolent beings. The pisacha haunts charnal grounds and cross-roads and feeds on human flesh and blood.  Is it possible that the yakshi of south India is in fact a pisacha, disguised as a yakshi?

Finally, is there any way to defeat or should we say, vanquish the yakshi/pisacha? Apparently they are undone by iron. An iron dagger or even a nail, will render them powerless, if not kill them outright. Oddly enough, there are folklore in Malaysia, that an iron nail, embedded into the nape of the neck of a pontianak will turn the vampire into an ordinary woman.

So is Alstonia scholaris the Sundal tree of folklore? Very likely...